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Mechanism of Dyeing With VAT Dye:

Vat dye is insoluble in water and cannot be applied directly on the textile material. First they have to be made water soluble and then they are applied to the textile material. To make the dye water soluble, two steps are required. As-
a. Reduction of the vat dye (indigo) into weak acidic leuco form.
b. Salt formation by neutralizing their hydroxide to give a water soluble product.

First the reduction step and second the solubilizing. Generally sodium hydro sulphite is used as solubilizing agent. The chemical reaction is shown below:
Na2SO4 + 2H2O = 2NaOH + 2[H]